| 1 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 2 | Having an Al saturation (effective) of 50 percent or more in some layer between 50 and 100 cm from the surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. Having an Al saturation (effective) of 50 percent or more in some layer between 50 and 100 cm from the surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 3 | The ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe, or Fe and manganese (Mn), has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete nodules have formed and the intermottle/internodular matrix is largely depleted of Fe. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fedepleted zones and compaction of the horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. The ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe, or Fe and manganese (Mn), has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete nodules have formed and the intermottle/internodular matrix is largely depleted of Fe. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fedepleted zones and compaction of the horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 4 | Having the following organic carbon contents in the fine earth fraction as a weighted average in Ferralsols and Nitisols, 1.4 percent or more to a depth of 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; in Leptosols, 2 percent or more to a depth of 25 cm from the mineral soil surface; in other soils, 1 percent or more to a depth of 50 cm from the mineral soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. Having the following organic carbon contents in the fine earth fraction as a weighted average in Ferralsols and Nitisols, 1.4 percent or more to a depth of 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; in Leptosols, 2 percent or more to a depth of 25 cm from the mineral soil surface; in other soils, 1 percent or more to a depth of 50 cm from the mineral soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 5 | The plinthic horizon (from Gr. plinthos, brick) is a subsurface horizon which constitutes an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents, and which changes irreversibly to a hardpan or to irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying with free access of oxygen. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. The plinthic horizon (from Gr. plinthos, brick) is a subsurface horizon which constitutes an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents, and which changes irreversibly to a hardpan or to irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying with free access of oxygen. |
| 6 | Having an ECEC (sum of exchangable bases plus exchangeable acidity in 1 M KCl) of less than 6 cmol / kg clay in some subsurface layer within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Acrisols = Strongly leached, red and yellow soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on acid parent rock, with a clay accumulation horizon, low cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. Having an ECEC (sum of exchangable bases plus exchangeable acidity in 1 M KCl) of less than 6 cmol / kg clay in some subsurface layer within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 7 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Albeluvisols = Base-poor soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached eluviation horizon tonguing into a clay-enriched subsurface horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 8 | The histic horizon (from Greek histos, tissue) is a surface horizon, or a subsurface horizon occurring at shallow depth, that consists of poorly aerated organic material. | Albeluvisols = Base-poor soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached eluviation horizon tonguing into a clay-enriched subsurface horizon. The histic horizon (from Greek histos, tissue) is a surface horizon, or a subsurface horizon occurring at shallow depth, that consists of poorly aerated organic material. |
| 9 | The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. | Albeluvisols = Base-poor soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached eluviation horizon tonguing into a clay-enriched subsurface horizon. The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. |
| 10 | Having clay coatings in some parts of an argic horizon either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. | Alisols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions with high cation exchange capacity and much exchangeable aluminium. Having clay coatings in some parts of an argic horizon either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. |
| 11 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Alisols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions with high cation exchange capacity and much exchangeable aluminium. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 12 | Having one or more layers, cumulatively 30 m or more thick, with andic properties. | Andosols = Soil developed from volcanic material, are young immature soils, characteristics depend on type of volcanic material. Having one or more layers, cumulatively 30 m or more thick, with andic properties. |
| 13 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Andosols = Soil developed from volcanic material, are young immature soils, characteristics depend on type of volcanic material. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 14 | Vitric properties (from Latin vitrum, glass) apply to layers with volcanic glass and other primary minerals derived from volcanic ejecta and which contain a limited amount of short-range-order minerals. | Andosols = Soil developed from volcanic material, are young immature soils, characteristics depend on type of volcanic material. Vitric properties (from Latin vitrum, glass) apply to layers with volcanic glass and other primary minerals derived from volcanic ejecta and which contain a limited amount of short-range-order minerals. |
| 15 | Having an albic horizon (a light-coloured subsurface horizon from which clay and free iron oxides have been removed) starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Having an albic horizon (a light-coloured subsurface horizon from which clay and free iron oxides have been removed) starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 16 | Having a ferralic horizon starting within 200 cm of the soil surface (in Anthrosols only), or ferralic properties in at least some layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface (in other soils) | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Having a ferralic horizon starting within 200 cm of the soil surface (in Anthrosols only), or ferralic properties in at least some layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface (in other soils) |
| 17 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 18 | Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 19 | Having an absolute clay increase of 3 percent or more within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Arenosols only). | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Having an absolute clay increase of 3 percent or more within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Arenosols only). |
| 20 | Showing no soil horizon development (in Arenosols only). | Arenosols = Sandy soils of desert areas, beach ridges, inland dunes, areas with highly weathered sandstone, etc. showing little or no profile development. Showing no soil horizon development (in Arenosols only). |
| 21 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Calcisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with enrichment of secondary carbonates. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 22 | Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Calcisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with enrichment of secondary carbonates. Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 23 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Calcisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with enrichment of secondary carbonates. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 24 | Having a strongly cemented or indurated layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Calcisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with enrichment of secondary carbonates. Having a strongly cemented or indurated layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 25 | Having between 50 and 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having between 50 and 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. |
| 26 | Having a ferralic horizon starting within 200 cm of the soil surface (in Anthrosols only), or ferralic properties in at least some layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface (in other soils) | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having a ferralic horizon starting within 200 cm of the soil surface (in Anthrosols only), or ferralic properties in at least some layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface (in other soils) |
| 27 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 28 | Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 29 | Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 30 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 31 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 32 | Having the following organic carbon contents in the fine earth fraction as a weighted average in Ferralsols and Nitisols, 1.4 percent or more to a depth of 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; in Leptosols, 2 percent or more to a depth of 25 cm from the mineral soil surface; in other soils, 1 percent or more to a depth of 50 cm from the mineral soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having the following organic carbon contents in the fine earth fraction as a weighted average in Ferralsols and Nitisols, 1.4 percent or more to a depth of 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; in Leptosols, 2 percent or more to a depth of 25 cm from the mineral soil surface; in other soils, 1 percent or more to a depth of 50 cm from the mineral soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 33 | Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 34 | Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 35 | The vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clayey subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped structural aggregates. | Cambisols = Soils that show "signs of beginning soil formation", i.e. that are only moderately developed on account of their limited pedogenetic age or because of rejuvenation of the soil material. Moderately developed soils occur in all environments, from sea level to the highlands, from the equator to the boreal regions, and under all kinds of vegetation. The vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clayey subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped structural aggregates. |
| 36 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Chernozems = Soils with deep, very dark surface soils and carbonate enrichment in the subsoil that occur in the steppe zone between the dry climates and the humid Temperate Zone. This transition zone has a climax vegetation of ephemeral grasses and dry forest. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 37 | | Chernozems = Soils with deep, very dark surface soils and carbonate enrichment in the subsoil that occur in the steppe zone between the dry climates and the humid Temperate Zone. This transition zone has a climax vegetation of ephemeral grasses and dry forest. |
| 38 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Chernozems = Soils with deep, very dark surface soils and carbonate enrichment in the subsoil that occur in the steppe zone between the dry climates and the humid Temperate Zone. This transition zone has a climax vegetation of ephemeral grasses and dry forest. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 39 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Cryosols = Soils of permafrost regions. These soils show signs of 'Aocryoturbation'Ao (i.e. disturbance by freeze-thaw sequences and ice segregation) such as irregular or broken soil horizons and organic matter in the subsurface soil, often concentrated along the top of the permafrost table. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 40 | Having cryoturbation features (mixed material, disrupted soil horizons, involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, separation of coarse from fine materials, cracks or patterened ground) at the soil surface or above a cryic horizon and within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Cryosols = Soils of permafrost regions. These soils show signs of 'Aocryoturbation'Ao (i.e. disturbance by freeze-thaw sequences and ice segregation) such as irregular or broken soil horizons and organic matter in the subsurface soil, often concentrated along the top of the permafrost table. Having cryoturbation features (mixed material, disrupted soil horizons, involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, separation of coarse from fine materials, cracks or patterened ground) at the soil surface or above a cryic horizon and within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 41 | Vitric properties (from Latin vitrum, glass) apply to layers with volcanic glass and other primary minerals derived from volcanic ejecta and which contain a limited amount of short-range-order minerals. | Cryosols = Soils of permafrost regions. These soils show signs of 'Aocryoturbation'Ao (i.e. disturbance by freeze-thaw sequences and ice segregation) such as irregular or broken soil horizons and organic matter in the subsurface soil, often concentrated along the top of the permafrost table. Vitric properties (from Latin vitrum, glass) apply to layers with volcanic glass and other primary minerals derived from volcanic ejecta and which contain a limited amount of short-range-order minerals. |
| 42 | Having a strongly cemented or indurated layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Durisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a layer or nodules of soil material that is cemented by silica. Having a strongly cemented or indurated layer starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 43 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 24 cmolc kg-1 clay in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Ferralsols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions that have a very low cation exchange capacity and are virtually devoid of weatherable minerals. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 24 cmolc kg-1 clay in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 44 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Ferralsols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions that have a very low cation exchange capacity and are virtually devoid of weatherable minerals. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 45 | Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, with a Munsell hue redder than 5 YR (3.5 YR or redder), a value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a value, dry, no more than one unit higher than the moist value. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Ferralsols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions that have a very low cation exchange capacity and are virtually devoid of weatherable minerals. Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, with a Munsell hue redder than 5 YR (3.5 YR or redder), a value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a value, dry, no more than one unit higher than the moist value. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 46 | Having a ferralic horizon that has in a subhorizon, 30 cm or more thick within 150 cm of the soil surface, a Munsell hue of 7.5 YR or yellower and a value, moist, of 4 or more and a chroma, moist, of 5 or more. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Ferralsols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions that have a very low cation exchange capacity and are virtually devoid of weatherable minerals. Having a ferralic horizon that has in a subhorizon, 30 cm or more thick within 150 cm of the soil surface, a Munsell hue of 7.5 YR or yellower and a value, moist, of 4 or more and a chroma, moist, of 5 or more. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 47 | The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. | Ferralsols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions that have a very low cation exchange capacity and are virtually devoid of weatherable minerals. The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. |
| 48 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Fluvisols = Young alluvial soils mainly found along rivers or other low terrain positions, which show stratification or other evidence of recent sedimentation. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 49 | Having a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in a layer, 30 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Fluvisols = Young alluvial soils mainly found along rivers or other low terrain positions, which show stratification or other evidence of recent sedimentation. Having a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in a layer, 30 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 50 | Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Fluvisols = Young alluvial soils mainly found along rivers or other low terrain positions, which show stratification or other evidence of recent sedimentation. Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 51 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Fluvisols = Young alluvial soils mainly found along rivers or other low terrain positions, which show stratification or other evidence of recent sedimentation. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 52 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Fluvisols = Young alluvial soils mainly found along rivers or other low terrain positions, which show stratification or other evidence of recent sedimentation. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 53 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 54 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 55 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 56 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 57 | The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. |
| 58 | The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. | Gleysols = Non-stratified soils in waterlogged areas that do not receive regular additions of sediment. Usually found in low terrain positions. The umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a thick, dark-coloured, base-depleted surface horizon rich in organic matter. |
| 59 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Gypsisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a horizon of secondary gypsum enrichment. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 60 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Gypsisols = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a horizon of secondary gypsum enrichment. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 61 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Histosols = Soils consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 62 | The cryic horizon (from Greek kryos, cold, ice) is a perennially frozen soil horizon in mineral or organic materials. | Histosols = Soils consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres. The cryic horizon (from Greek kryos, cold, ice) is a perennially frozen soil horizon in mineral or organic materials. |
| 63 | Having, after rubbing, two-thirds or more (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Histosols only). | Histosols = Soils consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres. Having, after rubbing, two-thirds or more (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Histosols only). |
| 64 | Having, after rubbing, between two-thirds and one-sixth (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm from the soil surface (in Histosols only). | Histosols = Soils consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres. Having, after rubbing, between two-thirds and one-sixth (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm from the soil surface (in Histosols only). |
| 65 | Having, after rubbing, less than one-sixth (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Histosols only). | Histosols = Soils consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres. Having, after rubbing, less than one-sixth (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable plant tissue within 100 cm of the soil surface (in Histosols only). |
| 66 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Kastanozems = Soils occurring in the driest parts of the steppe zone. Compared to Kastanozmes they are less deep, brownish surface soils and have carbonate and/or gypsum accumulation at some depth. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 67 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Kastanozems = Soils occurring in the driest parts of the steppe zone. Compared to Kastanozmes they are less deep, brownish surface soils and have carbonate and/or gypsum accumulation at some depth. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 68 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Leptosols = Shallow soils in elevated and/or eroding areas over hard rock or highly calcareous material. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 69 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Leptosols = Shallow soils in elevated and/or eroding areas over hard rock or highly calcareous material. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 70 | Having continuous rock starting within 10 cm of the soil surface (in Leptosols only). | Leptosols = Shallow soils in elevated and/or eroding areas over hard rock or highly calcareous material. Having continuous rock starting within 10 cm of the soil surface (in Leptosols only). |
| 71 | The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. | Leptosols = Shallow soils in elevated and/or eroding areas over hard rock or highly calcareous material. The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. |
| 72 | Having a mollic horizon that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40 percent or more calcium carbonate equivalent. | Leptosols = Shallow soils in elevated and/or eroding areas over hard rock or highly calcareous material. Having a mollic horizon that contains or immediately overlies calcaric materials containing 40 percent or more calcium carbonate equivalent. |
| 73 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Lixisols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions with a low cation exchange capacity but high base saturation percentage. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 74 | Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Lixisols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions with a low cation exchange capacity but high base saturation percentage. Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 75 | Having a ferric horizon (segregation of Fe, or Fe and Mn with large mottles or discrete nodules) starting from 100 cm of the soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Lixisols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions with a low cation exchange capacity but high base saturation percentage. Having a ferric horizon (segregation of Fe, or Fe and Mn with large mottles or discrete nodules) starting from 100 cm of the soil surface. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 76 | Having an albic horizon (a light-coloured subsurface horizon from which clay and free iron oxides have been removed) starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Having an albic horizon (a light-coloured subsurface horizon from which clay and free iron oxides have been removed) starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 77 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 78 | Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. |
| 79 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 80 | Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, that has a Munsell hue redder than 7.5 YR or that has both, a hue of 7.5 YR and a chroma, moist, of more than 4. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 81 | The ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe, or Fe and manganese (Mn), has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete nodules have formed and the intermottle/internodular matrix is largely depleted of Fe. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fedepleted zones and compaction of the horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. The ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe, or Fe and manganese (Mn), has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete nodules have formed and the intermottle/internodular matrix is largely depleted of Fe. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fedepleted zones and compaction of the horizon. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 82 | Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 83 | Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions for some time during the year and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume, single or in combination, a stagnic colour pattern or an albic horizon. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions for some time during the year and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume, single or in combination, a stagnic colour pattern or an albic horizon. |
| 84 | The vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clayey subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped structural aggregates. | Luvisols = Brownish and greyish, base-rich soils of humid temperate regions with a distinct clay accumulation horizon. The vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clayey subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped structural aggregates. |
| 85 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Nitisols = Deep soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions in relatively rich parent material and marked by shiny, nutty structure elements. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 86 | Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, with a Munsell hue redder than 5 YR (3.5 YR or redder), a value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a value, dry, no more than one unit higher than the moist value. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Nitisols = Deep soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions in relatively rich parent material and marked by shiny, nutty structure elements. Having within 150 cm of the soil surface a subsurface layer, 30 cm or more thick, with a Munsell hue redder than 5 YR (3.5 YR or redder), a value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a value, dry, no more than one unit higher than the moist value. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 87 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Phaeozems = Dusky red soils of prairie regions with high base saturation but no visible signs of secondary carbonate accumulation. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 88 | Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Phaeozems = Dusky red soils of prairie regions with high base saturation but no visible signs of secondary carbonate accumulation. Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 89 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Phaeozems = Dusky red soils of prairie regions with high base saturation but no visible signs of secondary carbonate accumulation. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 90 | Having between 50 and 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. | Planosols = Brownish and greyish soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached topsoil over dense, slowly permeable subsoil. Having between 50 and 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. |
| 91 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Planosols = Brownish and greyish soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached topsoil over dense, slowly permeable subsoil. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 92 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Planosols = Brownish and greyish soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached topsoil over dense, slowly permeable subsoil. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 93 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Planosols = Brownish and greyish soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached topsoil over dense, slowly permeable subsoil. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 94 | Having a layer, 15 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface, with the columnar or prismatic structure of the natric horizon, but lacking its sodium saturation requirements. | Planosols = Brownish and greyish soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached topsoil over dense, slowly permeable subsoil. Having a layer, 15 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface, with the columnar or prismatic structure of the natric horizon, but lacking its sodium saturation requirements. |
| 95 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 24 cmolc kg-1 clay in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Plinthosols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on old weathering surfaces; these soils are marked by the presence of a mixture of clay and quartz ('Aoplinthite'Ao) that hardens irreversibly upon exposure to the open air. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 24 cmolc kg-1 clay in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 96 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Plinthosols = Soils of wet (sub-)tropical regions on old weathering surfaces; these soils are marked by the presence of a mixture of clay and quartz ('Aoplinthite'Ao) that hardens irreversibly upon exposure to the open air. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more in some part to a maximum depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 97 | Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. | Podzols = Soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached eluviation horizon over an accumulation horizon of organic matter with aluminium and/or iron. Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. |
| 98 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Podzols = Soils of humid temperate regions with a bleached eluviation horizon over an accumulation horizon of organic matter with aluminium and/or iron. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 99 | Having only remnants of diagnostic horizons 'Ai disturbed by deep ploughing | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having only remnants of diagnostic horizons 'Ai disturbed by deep ploughing |
| 100 | Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having calcaric material between 20 and 50 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower. |
| 101 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 102 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 103 | Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 104 | Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Regosols = Relatively deep soils that occur in unconsolidated materials and which have only surficial profile development, e.g. because of low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness or erosion. Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 105 | The gypsic horizon (from Greek gypsos) is a commonly non-cemented horizon containing secondary accumulations of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) in various forms. If the accumulation of gypsum becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of gypsum prevail, a hypergypsic qualifier is used. | Solonchaks = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high content of soluble salts. The gypsic horizon (from Greek gypsos) is a commonly non-cemented horizon containing secondary accumulations of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) in various forms. If the accumulation of gypsum becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of gypsum prevail, a hypergypsic qualifier is used. |
| 106 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Solonchaks = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high content of soluble salts. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 107 | Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Solonchaks = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high content of soluble salts. Having 15 percent or more exchangeable Na plus Mg on the exchange complex within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 108 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Solonetz = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high percentage of adsorbed sodium (Na+) ions. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 109 | Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. | Solonetz = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high percentage of adsorbed sodium (Na+) ions. Having within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic colour pattern. |
| 110 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Solonetz = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high percentage of adsorbed sodium (Na+) ions. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 111 | The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. | Solonetz = Soils of (semi-)arid regions with a high percentage of adsorbed sodium (Na+) ions. The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. |
| 112 | Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. | Stagnosols = Soils with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes caused by stagnating surface water. Having an argic horizon that has a CEC of 24 cmolc kg-1 clay or more throughout or to a depth of 50 cm below its upper limit, whichever is shallower, either starting within 100 cm of the soil surface or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. |
| 113 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Umbrisols = Soils of humid temperate regions with a thick, dark, acid surface horizon that is rich in organic matter. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 114 | Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. | Umbrisols = Soils of humid temperate regions with a thick, dark, acid surface horizon that is rich in organic matter. Having continuous rock starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. |
| 115 | The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. | Vertisols = Swelling and shrinking heavy clayey soils of backswamps, river basins, lake bottoms, and other areas with a high content of expanding 2:1 lattice clays. The calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of less than 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins). The accumulation may be in the parent material or in subsurface horizons, but it can also occur in surface horizons. If the accumulation of soft carbonates becomes such that all or most of the pedological and/or lithological structures disappear and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, a hypercalcic qualifier is used. |
| 116 | Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Vertisols = Swelling and shrinking heavy clayey soils of backswamps, river basins, lake bottoms, and other areas with a high content of expanding 2:1 lattice clays. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 117 | Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. | Vertisols = Swelling and shrinking heavy clayey soils of backswamps, river basins, lake bottoms, and other areas with a high content of expanding 2:1 lattice clays. Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock. Other diagnostic horizons might occur but have not been recorded. |
| 118 | The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. | Vertisols = Swelling and shrinking heavy clayey soils of backswamps, river basins, lake bottoms, and other areas with a high content of expanding 2:1 lattice clays. The mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a well-structured, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter. |
